Saturday, October 27, 2012

Waste Management and Recycling by Robs - ArticleCity.com - Free ...


Waste Management is the undisputed world leader in nearly all facets of waste treatment, including low-level nuclear, chemical, and asbestos cleanup; and daily garbage removal, waste reduction, and recycling. Waste Management has expanded its operations both technically and geographically, acquiring a host of sophisticated suppliers of trash-to-energy plants, pollution control equipment, and recycling services, while signing contracts with municipalities from Buenos Aires to Hong Kong. The company has frequently been attacked by governmental agencies and environmental groups for a variety of alleged failings, but its phenomenal growth and strenuous efforts in the recycling and pollution-control areas make it likely that in the future Waste Management will be perceived as a hero rather than villain by the world's increasingly polluted cities. Waste Management, it seems, is well on the way to becoming the planet's garbage collector. It was an exceedingly good time to join the waste-treatment industry. Not only was the national economy at the peak of its postwar prosperity, the U. S. consumer was just then beginning to be inundated with a wave of new packaging and convenience items designed to be used once and thrown away. The nation's production of garbage was growing much faster even than its population, and companies such as Ace Scavenger found themselves in great demand.

The company responded with characteristic energy. At each of its nine chemical dumps, WMI installed environmental-compliance officers with power to override the decisions of local plant managers. These watchdog foremen reported to WMI's new environmental-management head, Walter C. Barber, a former acting chief of the EPA. In addition , the Chemical Waste subsidiary in charge of most of the troubled sites was provided with a new president, Jerry E. Dempsey, former president of Borg-Warner Corporation. To smooth relations with Congress, WMI hired Frank B. Moore as its chief lobbyist. Moore had previously served as President Jimmy Carter's liaison officer with Congress. Finally, WMI adopted new advertising campaigns stressing the company's services on behalf of the environment and customers alike.

While such moves had not satisfied critics such as Greenpeace International, it appeared that WMI learned a lesson from its legal battles and took some pains to adopt more safety measures. As proof of its progress in these areas, WMI can point to the long-term contracts it won in the late 1980s to handle much of the waste from Portland, Oregon; and Seattle, Washington; two cities known for their strong environmental commitment. In both cases, the municipalities found that WMI's experience and resources made it the best choice for waste problems of great magnitude. Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production. Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.

Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics. Although similar in effect, the composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste – such as food or garden waste – is not typically considered recycling. Materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection center or picked up from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials bound for manufacturing.

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The Latest Technology in Solar Power

Saturday, October 13, 2012

Solar PV (Photovoltic) by Igen Energy - ArticleCity.com - Free ...



This is the age of making a strong decision in favour of human being and environment, Now we have to be serious about a new and powerful energy source. With climate change global warming at the forefront of the agenda, there has been much discussion and research into finding an alternative to traditional sources of energy. Finally we find out one of the best option Sun Energy (Solar PV). Solar electricity systems capture the sun' s energy using photovoltaic (PV) cells. The cells convert the sunlight into electricity, which can be used to run household appliances and lighting.

Solar PV offers a number of advantages over other sources of renewable energy. Its impacts include: the effect of emissions on human health and welfare, agricultural productivity, and infrastructure; the security costs of ensuring a reliable oil supply and a safe nuclear resource; and the potential costs of adjusting to global climate change. Following are the basic reasons why investing in solar PV for your home and Industries benefits both you for financial and the environment.

1 . No harmful emissions or greenhouse gases. Solar power is a clean, renewable and sustainable source of energy.

2 . solar PVtechnology is low maintenance, durable and completely noiseless. Unlike wind turbines there are no moving parts to break and no noise pollution. Once installed, PV panels require very little maintenance, and are incredibly durable.

3. The sun is an unlimited, free source of energy that is available worldwide. PV panels only require daylight, not direct sunlight to produce electricity. This means that they are not just effective in the summer months, but all year round, even on the cloudy days.

4. Free electricity during the day. When your PV system is generating electricity during the day, you will not have to buy electricity from your supplier. Therefore running appliances during the day will help you save hundreds of pounds off your electricity bill.

5. solar PV technology is versatile. Depending on your preference, you can choose between having PV panels installed onto your existing roof, or integrating the technology into the building materials themselves with solar tiles or slates.

6. Solar PV is a good investment. With the introduction of the Feed-In Tariff, homeowners are now paid for every unit of electricity they generate from their PV panels, even if they use it themselves. solar PV not only offers the highest payments, but also the longest payment period.

7. Protect yourself from rising energy prices. The cost of traditional energy sources is rising and is likely to continue to do so. By installing a solar PV system on your home you will have your own source of free electricity and therefore depend less on electricity suppliers to power your home.

8. A solar PV system could increase the value of your home. As it is a source of free electricity and income thanks to the Feed-In Tariffs, a solar PV system is likely to make your home more attractive to potential buyers.

9. Easy, hassle-free installation. Once a site survey has been completed for your home to ensure it is suitable, the installation process is very simple.

10. No maintenance, with a long functional lifetime of 30 years. PV solar installed in the 1960' s is still working.

11. Silent in operation.

12. No planning permission needed.

13. Works all year round.



The Latest Technology in Solar Power

Monday, October 8, 2012

Photovoltaic Panels - Harvest the Sun - free article courtesy of ...

There is a lot of energy in sunlight and that energy can be converted to electricity with photovoltaic panels. These panels are made up of several photovoltaic cells which are constructed of treated silicon which creates an electrical charge when exposed to sunshine.

Each photovoltaic cell produces just a small amount of electricity, so they are wired together into panels to provide enough current for common household appliances.

Photovoltaic cells come in three basic varieties. Monocrystalline are the most efficient but also the most expensive. They consist of a single crystal cut from an ingot of silicon.

Polycrystalline are the most common and slightly less efficient than monocrystalline. The silicon they are made from have several small crystals.

Amorphous cells are made by spreading the silicon on another material like stainless steel. These cells are cheap to produce but produce significantly less power than the other two types. This means that photovoltaic panels must be larger to produce the same amount of electricity.

Monocrystalline panels are slightly more efficient in low light conditions, but the difference is not significant. When choosing photovoltaic panels the most significant factor is the amount of available space. If you have lots of room you can install amorphous panels for less money.

As mentioned above, individual photovoltaic cells are wired together into panels which can produce more electricity. The panels themselves can be wired together in parallel or in series to produce a variety of currents suitable for almost any use.

The panels and arrays produce Direct Current (DC) power so it must be converted to Alternating Current (AC) for most purposes. This is accomplished with an inverter.

The AC current from the inverter can be used to power most household appliances. It can also be connected to the breaker box from the utility company so that solar electricity can act as a backup system to regular power supplies. The advantage of using both systems is that if there is any excess electricity produced by the sun it is fed back into the grid for a credit against the homeowner’s electricity bill.


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